The equilibrium concepts are also applicable to physical state. In all processes which attain equilibrium, two opposing processes are involved. Equilibrium is on a line in t,p plot see this from. Many chemical reactions do not go to completion but instead attain a state of chemical equilibrium. This post includes download links for bsc 1st year chemistry notes pdf. Maxwell relations and chemical and thermodynamic equilibrium states. Shattuck, physical chemistry thermodynamics, electrochemistry, and equilibrium.
If you want save paper by printing 2, 4 or 6 slides per page, select properties under the print. Introduction and the properties of gases, the first law, the second law, phase equilibria in pure substances, general theory of systems with variable composition, phase diagrams, chemical equilibrium, chemical kinetics and equilibrium electrochemistry. Dr mike lyons school of chemistry trinity college dublin 2. Chemistry 12 unit 2 notes equilibrium unit 2 notes equilibrium page 2 once this has happened for awhile, there is a build up of no2 molecules in the same flask once in awhile, two no2 molecules will collide with each other and join to form a molecule of n2o4. As chemistry teachers, we know that students can have misconceptions about the definition of equilibrium. Introduction to chemical equilibrium chemical equilibrium. Open the file in adobe acrobat outside of internet explorer to print. This website is created solely for jee aspirants to download pdf, ebooks, study materials for free. Introduction and the properties of gases, the first law, the second law, phase equilibria in pure substances, general theory of systems with variable composition, phase diagrams, chemical equilibrium, chemical kinetics and equilibrium. When there is no chemistry or phase transitions, then energy flowing into a system. Chemistry 223 5 generalinformation iwill be awayonthe following dates and will makeupthe missed class in the friday slot of the same week. Lechateliers principle if a dynamic equilibrium is disturbed by changing the conditions, the position of equilibrium moves to partially reverse the change.
Mistakes in notes wrong mcq option the page is not clearly visible answer quality needs to. Chemical equilibrium is the balance between products and reactants. By changing the pressure and temperature, the position of the dynamic equilibrium the conditions where the reaction is equal and not changing is shifted. The equilibrium position lies further to the right in practice, if low temperatures are used the time taken for the reaction to attain equilibrium becomes unfeasably long. Lecture notes on physical chemistry i download book. For an animation of the above equilibrium see below. Its important to know that many chemical reactions are reversible.
Reactants products or reactants chemical equilibrium. Those that need some refreshing on their inorganic chemistry should open a chemistry textbook. Modern chemistry ii carnegie mellon university lecture notes h distributed on. After defining equilibrium, the article uses the atmosphere as an application of equilibrium concepts. Mistakes in notes wrong mcq option the page is not clearly visible answer quality needs to be improved your name. Revision notes on chemical and ionic equilibrium askiitians. Problem set 2 theodor svedberg 18841971 nobel prize in chemistry, 1926. Many substances have more than one solid phase, and therefore they can have. Oxnotes chemistry igcse revision equilibria reversible, dynamic equilibriums reactions simple explanation of reversible reactions some reactions are reversible they can react both ways, forwards and backwards, the reactants can make the products and the products can react again to make the reactants.
You might remember from the last unit, when we were dealing with potential energy diagrams, that the term reverse reaction came up many times its important to know that many chemical reactions are reversible. For any reversible reaction at any stage other than equilibrium, the ratio of the molar concentrations of the products to that of the reactants. If you move the equilibrium, you change the rate of reaction. Chemical equilibrium is a state in the course of a chemical reaction where the concentrations of both products and reactants reach the limit which prevents further deviation. Equilibria reversible reactions, chemical equilibrium. Equilibrium systems will adjust to get to equilibrium. Wilhelm ostwald 18531932 nobel prize in chemistry, 1909. All reactions carried out in a closed vessel will reach equilibrium a. Equilibrium is the state of a process in which the properties like temperature, pressure, and concentration etc of the system do not show any change with passage of time. Defines and describes chemical equilibrium in detail, especially the dynamic nature of chemical equilibrium.
If at equilibrium the concentration of one of the reactants is increased. This section provides lecture notes and supplements from the course along with a list of lecture topics. Chemical equilibrium section of general chemistry notes is 19 pages in length page 1 through page 19 and covers all youll need to know on the following lecturetextbook topics section chemical equilibrium 1 the equilibrium condition dynamic equilibrium the equilibrium expression the equilibrium constant k. Course notes 59240 introductory physical chemistry. Modern chemistry ii carnegie mellon university lecture notes j distributed on. Eventually, the two reaction rates become the same we have reached dynamic equilibrium. Chemical equilibrium notes riverside secondary school. Lecture 9 chemical equilibrium and solution chemistry why. If the temperature is doubled, what happens to k assuming that.
Physical chemistry lecture notes thermodynamics, electrochemistry, and equilibrium. This document is highly rated by chemistry students and has been viewed 1962 times. Unit 7 reaction rates and equilibrium notes answers. Typically, when we are talking about a triple point it is the solid, liquid, gas triple.
This term describes the pressure of the gas above a. Typically, when we are talking about a triple point it is the solid, liquid, gas triple point. Chemical equilibrium page 3 of 28 atoms that prevents two objects from simultaneously occupying the same space, acting in this case between the table surface and the book. Room is provided in the righthand column for you to fill in with the reasons each step was taken.
Right click on the file link and save it to your hard drive. Physical chemistry lecture notes this note covers the following topics. Calculate the ksp if the lead ion concentration has been found to be 1. Apr 20, 2020 introduction to chemical equilibrium chemical equilibrium chemistry notes edurev is made by best teachers of chemistry. Instead, the reaction reaches a point of chemical equilibrium in which the reverse reaction is converting products into reactants as fast as products are formed in the forward reaction. Na description this note covers the following topics.
Physical chemistry lecture notes physical chemistry. Click the link below if you dont have adobe reader. Home notes labs calendar outline links downloads animations contact. If leads concentration is x, then chlorides concentration is 2x. Equilibrium in physical processes mcq, notes,question papers. Each of units 16 listed below has a title, defined by me, that is designed to encapsulate the content of each of the six big ideas as defined by the college board in their 2014 course and exam description for ap chemistry. That ced, and hence these notes, have now been superseded by the 2019 ced and the notes above, however, since the difference between the 2014 and 2019 is. Lecture 9 chemical equilibrium and solution chemistry. If little product is formed, equilibrium lies far to the left b. Class 11 chemistry revision notes for chapter 7 equilibrium. In this way you can concentrate on the flow of the proofs and the meaning. Optimisation of the operational conditions is very important in industry and laboratory so that equilibrium is favorable in the direction of the desired product. The system will seem macroscopically static constant properties, but be active microscopically dynamic. Siobhan julian chemistry teacher, webster schroeder high school webster, ny november 2015.
Eventually the two reactions will happen at the same rate and we would have reached dynamic equilibrium. Chem 340 lecture notes 9 fall 20 phase equilibria chap. Chemistry notes chemistry pdf chemical equilibrium and. Chapter 14 equilibrium notes page 1 of 6 chapter 14. Guru is a free educational site for students, we started jeemain.
The state where the concentrations of all reactants and products remain constant with time 2. The solubility table in the chemistry 12 data booklet can be used to predict the solubility of various salts ionic compounds in water at 25 c. Leadii chloride dissolves to a slight extent in water according to the equation below. First law, entropy and free energy, phase equilibria, solutions and chemical equilibrium, electrochemistry, electrolyte solutions and kinetics. Lecture 9 chemical equilibrium and solution chemistry why do we need to study chemical equilibrium. Equilibrium in physical processes when there is a change in the state of occurrence of matter, then a physical transformation is said to have occurred. You might remember from the last unit, when we were dealing with potential energy diagrams, that the term reverse reaction came up many times. Apr 22, 2019 le chateliers principle states that if a system at equilibrium is subjected to a change in concentration. Click on the textbook to go to the publishers site for chemistry. Introduction to equilibrium but the reaction does not actually stop. The position of this equilibrium is described by the term vapour pressure. Revision notes on chemical and ionic equilibrium equilibrium. Transport processes sedimentation and diffusion reading assignment. Introductory physical chemistry i david ronis mcgill university.
If we start with solid ammonium chloride an heat gently, the forward reaction is favoured and it begins to decompose into gaseous ammonia and hydrogen chloride. Ib chemistry equilibrium 3 phase equilibrium is an equilibrium between a liquid and its vapour. Reactions at equilibrium are not gone to completion, both reactants and products are present at equilibrium. Kenneth denbigh the principles of chemical equilibrium cambridge university press 1957 acrobat 7 pdf 23. This process, as you might have guessed is indicated by the reverse reaction. Ib chemistry equilibrium 1 dynamic equilibrium a reversible reaction is at equilibrium if the rates of the forward and reverse reactions are equal.
Chemical equilibrium gibbs free energy and chemical equilibrium temperature dependence of the equilibrium constant, kp. G3 concept from a chemical handbook you find the equilibrium constants that give the concentrations of iodine vapor. The material in this lecture comes from the field of chemical thermodynamics. Jf chemistry ch 1101 introduction to physical chemistry 201220 properties of gases, basic thermodynamics, dr mike lyons school of chemistry trinity college email.
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